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Chapter 415 Possible Candidates
Chapter 415 Possible Candidates
As for why gumballs are hard to detect.
It is because gluons have a color charge and can interact through the strong nuclear force to form a bound state.
Glueballs are then always produced together with other ordinary bound states of mesons.
As a result, it is difficult to detect in experiments.
With the end of the experiment, Friedman's eyes were a little hesitant.
After a while, he began to arrange for some to go to eat and rest first, while the other started to collect experimental data and examples.
Both Matheson and Coyle left, but Chen Zhou volunteered to stay.
Sometimes the opportunity is to take it for yourself.
With first-hand information, Chen Zhou never wanted to wait for time to pass.
Friedman naturally agreed to Chen Zhou's request.
For Chen Zhou, he still has some expectations.
Moreover, he himself planned to give Chen Zhou a copy of the experimental data this time.
It wasn't just Chen Zhou's math abilities that Friedman considered.
What's more, he discovered Chen Zhou's powerful data processing ability from Chen Zhou's two physics papers.
And the accuracy of the control of the direction of the experiment.
If it can be used in this experiment, then maybe the glue ball they have been looking for will be found.
Of course, this is just a good expectation of Friedman.
It is impossible for him, and he will not bet all his treasures on Chen Zhou.
Anyway, he still felt that Chen Zhou's experience and reserve of theoretical knowledge were somewhat lacking.
Chen Zhou naturally didn't know that Friedman had thought so much.
In his eyes, only today's experimental data.
Chen Zhou finally felt that he had officially entered the field of high-energy physics.
Although at Yanda, Chen Zhou followed Dean Yang to do the project of particle accelerator.
Including his own graduation thesis, also on optimizing diode design.
But those, in Chen Zhou's view, are still not tall enough.
And this kind of topic of finding glue balls is really tall and interesting.
The point is, this is a Nobel Prize-level subject!
In addition, the gluons, strange mesons, Yang-Mills theory, and standard model involved in this are all very famous!
At the same time, Chen Zhou also found that his sense of anticipation, curiosity, and excitement were all ignited for such a subject.
Together with the staff under him, Chen Zhou worked until one o'clock in the afternoon before collecting the complete experimental data.
Although he only ate a little for breakfast, Chen Zhou didn't feel hungry at all.
On the contrary, he now wants to run back to the hotel and analyze the data.
Friedman brought Matheson and others to the control room again.
After confirming with the person in charge of the experimental data collection, Friedman decided to hold a seminar on the subject at three o'clock in the afternoon.
Assign follow-up work and start arranging the next experiment.
Before that, Chen Zhou could only reluctantly go to lunch with the staff who collected the experimental data.
At three o'clock in the afternoon, the meeting started on time.
Originally, Chen Zhou was only an assistant researcher, so he was not qualified to appear in this meeting.
But because of Friedman's arrangement, Chen Zhou and Matheson Coyle both appeared at the meeting.
Even if it's just an auditorium seat.
Chen Zhou also realized that the energy of the Nobel laureates really wasn't his fault.
When the meeting started, Friedman asked someone to bring up a whiteboard.
Draw a picture on it.
This picture, if nothing else, is precisely the process that might be rich in glueballs, that is, the radiative decay process of the charm quark meson J/ψ(c▔c) particle.
This is also the process that the particle physics community considers to be the most promising process for finding glueballs.
The name of this diagram is called a Feynman diagram.
Chen Zhou recognized this impressive picture at a glance.
In the information given by Friedman earlier, he saw this picture more than once.
And Friedman's annotations on this picture are much more than other places.
Immediately, knowledge related to Feynman diagrams emerged in Chen Zhou's mind.
The width of J/ψ is very narrow, and its mass is below the generation threshold of D▔D meson pair.
Therefore, it cannot decay to D▔D.
In most cases it decays to light mesons via the trigluon process depressed by OZI.
At the same time, it can also radiate a photon γ, and then decay into particles m1, m2...
This is the process represented by the Feynman diagram.
In radiative decay, gluons can self-interact and must be able to form glueballs.
Of course, if gumballs actually existed.
In addition to the processes shown in the Feynman diagrams, there are other processes that may be rich in gumballs.
Such as hadron-hadron scattering process, proton-antiproton annihilation process, and so on.
But this time, the PEP device of SLAC chose the process of Feynman diagram.
Thinking of this, Chen Zhou suddenly felt that Hua Guo's research in this area.
In fact, it is out of the world's leading level.
If, Chen Zhou was thinking, what if, during his time at MIT, he couldn't find the glue ball.
After returning to China, the Yanjing electron-positron collider BEPCⅡ and the research spectrometer BESⅢ will be of great attraction to him.
It is also very likely that he will go to the Yanjing Spectrometer International Cooperation Group for a period of time.
Of course, these premises are all based on no results after a period of time.
Facing Fumantu, Friedman began to narrate his thoughts.
Listening to this, Chen Zhou couldn't help feeling that Friedman was no longer limited to the Feynman diagram in front of him.
Friedman introduces more considerations.
Chen Zhou secretly admired that he deserved to be the big guy who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "research on the deep inelastic dispersion of nucleons".
Those seemingly inadvertent connections, after he said so, instantly fascinated.
In fact, experimental physicists use experiments to explore processes that may be rich in gumballs.
Many new particles have been discovered as possible glueball candidates.
The quantum numbers of these particles include 0-+, 0++, 2++ and so on.
But the nature of these possible gumball candidates has been elusive.
Some particles are not only glueball candidates, but may also be molecular, multiquark, or just plain mesons.
For example, a0(980) and f0(980) were once discovered.
But what is exciting and confusing is that it is within the interval predicted by theory.
More than one candidate was found.
It is only considered by some people to be in the most promising 0++ state.
可能的候选者就有：f0(500)，f0(980)，f0(1370)，f0(1500)，f0(1700)……
Different people have different opinions on who the real gumball is.
There are different opinions, some in favor and some against.
No way, the theoretical prediction only gives an approximate range of mass.
But there is no unified conclusion for other properties of gumballs.
This is also one of the reasons why it is difficult to test which is the real glue ball experimentally.
It is also the problem that Chen Zhou and the others are facing now.
Glueballs are a fundamental prediction of quantum chromodynamics.
But it is such a basic prophecy, after searching for more than half a century, it is still impossible to get a final conclusion.
Do gumballs really exist?
Who's the real gumball?
None of these have answers.
It is precisely because these have no answers.
Chen Zhou was fascinated by Friedman's story after hearing it.
In addition to the process of Ferman diagram, Friedman gave a lot of ideas and thinking.
From the data, how to find the real gumball.
Friedman, also gave some predictions.
(End of this chapter)
As for why gumballs are hard to detect.
It is because gluons have a color charge and can interact through the strong nuclear force to form a bound state.
Glueballs are then always produced together with other ordinary bound states of mesons.
As a result, it is difficult to detect in experiments.
With the end of the experiment, Friedman's eyes were a little hesitant.
After a while, he began to arrange for some to go to eat and rest first, while the other started to collect experimental data and examples.
Both Matheson and Coyle left, but Chen Zhou volunteered to stay.
Sometimes the opportunity is to take it for yourself.
With first-hand information, Chen Zhou never wanted to wait for time to pass.
Friedman naturally agreed to Chen Zhou's request.
For Chen Zhou, he still has some expectations.
Moreover, he himself planned to give Chen Zhou a copy of the experimental data this time.
It wasn't just Chen Zhou's math abilities that Friedman considered.
What's more, he discovered Chen Zhou's powerful data processing ability from Chen Zhou's two physics papers.
And the accuracy of the control of the direction of the experiment.
If it can be used in this experiment, then maybe the glue ball they have been looking for will be found.
Of course, this is just a good expectation of Friedman.
It is impossible for him, and he will not bet all his treasures on Chen Zhou.
Anyway, he still felt that Chen Zhou's experience and reserve of theoretical knowledge were somewhat lacking.
Chen Zhou naturally didn't know that Friedman had thought so much.
In his eyes, only today's experimental data.
Chen Zhou finally felt that he had officially entered the field of high-energy physics.
Although at Yanda, Chen Zhou followed Dean Yang to do the project of particle accelerator.
Including his own graduation thesis, also on optimizing diode design.
But those, in Chen Zhou's view, are still not tall enough.
And this kind of topic of finding glue balls is really tall and interesting.
The point is, this is a Nobel Prize-level subject!
In addition, the gluons, strange mesons, Yang-Mills theory, and standard model involved in this are all very famous!
At the same time, Chen Zhou also found that his sense of anticipation, curiosity, and excitement were all ignited for such a subject.
Together with the staff under him, Chen Zhou worked until one o'clock in the afternoon before collecting the complete experimental data.
Although he only ate a little for breakfast, Chen Zhou didn't feel hungry at all.
On the contrary, he now wants to run back to the hotel and analyze the data.
Friedman brought Matheson and others to the control room again.
After confirming with the person in charge of the experimental data collection, Friedman decided to hold a seminar on the subject at three o'clock in the afternoon.
Assign follow-up work and start arranging the next experiment.
Before that, Chen Zhou could only reluctantly go to lunch with the staff who collected the experimental data.
At three o'clock in the afternoon, the meeting started on time.
Originally, Chen Zhou was only an assistant researcher, so he was not qualified to appear in this meeting.
But because of Friedman's arrangement, Chen Zhou and Matheson Coyle both appeared at the meeting.
Even if it's just an auditorium seat.
Chen Zhou also realized that the energy of the Nobel laureates really wasn't his fault.
When the meeting started, Friedman asked someone to bring up a whiteboard.
Draw a picture on it.
This picture, if nothing else, is precisely the process that might be rich in glueballs, that is, the radiative decay process of the charm quark meson J/ψ(c▔c) particle.
This is also the process that the particle physics community considers to be the most promising process for finding glueballs.
The name of this diagram is called a Feynman diagram.
Chen Zhou recognized this impressive picture at a glance.
In the information given by Friedman earlier, he saw this picture more than once.
And Friedman's annotations on this picture are much more than other places.
Immediately, knowledge related to Feynman diagrams emerged in Chen Zhou's mind.
The width of J/ψ is very narrow, and its mass is below the generation threshold of D▔D meson pair.
Therefore, it cannot decay to D▔D.
In most cases it decays to light mesons via the trigluon process depressed by OZI.
At the same time, it can also radiate a photon γ, and then decay into particles m1, m2...
This is the process represented by the Feynman diagram.
In radiative decay, gluons can self-interact and must be able to form glueballs.
Of course, if gumballs actually existed.
In addition to the processes shown in the Feynman diagrams, there are other processes that may be rich in gumballs.
Such as hadron-hadron scattering process, proton-antiproton annihilation process, and so on.
But this time, the PEP device of SLAC chose the process of Feynman diagram.
Thinking of this, Chen Zhou suddenly felt that Hua Guo's research in this area.
In fact, it is out of the world's leading level.
If, Chen Zhou was thinking, what if, during his time at MIT, he couldn't find the glue ball.
After returning to China, the Yanjing electron-positron collider BEPCⅡ and the research spectrometer BESⅢ will be of great attraction to him.
It is also very likely that he will go to the Yanjing Spectrometer International Cooperation Group for a period of time.
Of course, these premises are all based on no results after a period of time.
Facing Fumantu, Friedman began to narrate his thoughts.
Listening to this, Chen Zhou couldn't help feeling that Friedman was no longer limited to the Feynman diagram in front of him.
Friedman introduces more considerations.
Chen Zhou secretly admired that he deserved to be the big guy who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "research on the deep inelastic dispersion of nucleons".
Those seemingly inadvertent connections, after he said so, instantly fascinated.
In fact, experimental physicists use experiments to explore processes that may be rich in gumballs.
Many new particles have been discovered as possible glueball candidates.
The quantum numbers of these particles include 0-+, 0++, 2++ and so on.
But the nature of these possible gumball candidates has been elusive.
Some particles are not only glueball candidates, but may also be molecular, multiquark, or just plain mesons.
For example, a0(980) and f0(980) were once discovered.
But what is exciting and confusing is that it is within the interval predicted by theory.
More than one candidate was found.
It is only considered by some people to be in the most promising 0++ state.
可能的候选者就有：f0(500)，f0(980)，f0(1370)，f0(1500)，f0(1700)……
Different people have different opinions on who the real gumball is.
There are different opinions, some in favor and some against.
No way, the theoretical prediction only gives an approximate range of mass.
But there is no unified conclusion for other properties of gumballs.
This is also one of the reasons why it is difficult to test which is the real glue ball experimentally.
It is also the problem that Chen Zhou and the others are facing now.
Glueballs are a fundamental prediction of quantum chromodynamics.
But it is such a basic prophecy, after searching for more than half a century, it is still impossible to get a final conclusion.
Do gumballs really exist?
Who's the real gumball?
None of these have answers.
It is precisely because these have no answers.
Chen Zhou was fascinated by Friedman's story after hearing it.
In addition to the process of Ferman diagram, Friedman gave a lot of ideas and thinking.
From the data, how to find the real gumball.
Friedman, also gave some predictions.
(End of this chapter)
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