NOVEL NEXT Xueba starts with change
Chapter 414 Where is "Gumball"
Chapter 414 Where is "Gumball"
Although the words came out of Cross's mouth.
Also the interns he himself mentioned were not interns.
But facing Chen Zhou's rhetorical question of repeating this sentence, Cross seemed a little embarrassed.
He couldn't tell Chen Zhou clearly that he was doing odd jobs, right?
Chen Zhou looked at Cross strangely, and called out, "Professor Cross?"
Cross came back to his senses, and explained with a weird expression: "It's... the internship period, you know?"
Chen Zhou nodded and asked, "You mean the interns during the internship period?"
Cross nodded quickly: "Yes, yes, that's what it means!"
Chen Zhou glanced at Cross suspiciously, and said casually, "I didn't expect SLAC to have such a rule, so there are two internship periods?"
"Ahem..." Cross didn't continue the topic, but said, "Let's meet up with Professor Friedman now. The inspection of the experiment has basically been completed."
Upon hearing this, Chen Zhou followed Cross to find Friedman.
Cross' mission is not just to take Chen Zhou for a stroll.
While introducing Chen Zhou to the experimental device, he also learned about the inspection of the device before the experiment.
Now, it's time to report the progress to Friedman.
Chen Zhou and Cross found Friedman in the control room.
Before Cross could speak, Friedman took out something first.
This thing was for Chen Zhou, but Cross was extremely embarrassed and puzzled.
"Chen Zhou, here is your work permit."
Chen Zhou took the work permit from Friedman and glanced at it.
It wasn't the interns that Cross was talking about during the internship period.
Not even an intern.
Directly as an assistant researcher!
As for whose assistant it is, it is self-evident.
However, Chen Zhou simply said "thank you" to Friedman, and didn't grab Cross and say anything about it.
Turning his head, Friedman began to ask about the inspection of the device before the start of the Cross experiment.
Cross answered truthfully.
Friedman nodded slightly: "Then follow the plan and start the experiment on time!"
Cross looked straight: "Okay, Professor Friedman."
The official start time of the experiment was set at eleven o'clock in the morning.
As for why it is near noon, it is said that experiments at this point are more likely to succeed.
Of course, this is a bit metaphysical.
Before the experiment started, Chen Zhou carefully observed everything in the control room.
Whether it is a particle launch button, or a signal collection device for a feedback device.
Chen Zhou watched carefully.
It also corresponds to the impression in my mind one by one.
The so-called electron-positron collider is a device that collides electrons and electrons.
It accelerates various particles, such as protons and electrons, to extremely high energies.
The particles are then bombarded against a stationary target.
By studying the various reactions that occur when high-energy particles collide with particles in the target, the nature of the reactions is studied.
Such as discovering new particles, observing new phenomena, etc.
Speaking of which, in nature, there is also an electron-positron collision mechanism.
In the falling meteorite, it exists.
This is also an example of science discovering nature and nature verifying science.
As for the idea of the birth of the collider, it is based on traffic accidents.
A car involved in a traffic accident hits a parked car on the side of the road.
A large part of the energy of the collision will be consumed to "make the car parked on the roadside rush forward", and the power of the collision is not large enough.
Based on this, if two high-speed cars traveling in opposite directions collide head-on, the power of the collision will be many times greater.
It has to be said that science also comes from life.
Near 11 am, all the staff returned to the control room.
Everyone looked nervously at Friedman who was about to press the launch button.
SLAC has been preparing for this experiment for a long time.
This is also a significant experiment.
If the "glue ball" can be successfully discovered, then SLAC will surely return to the forefront of the particle physics community.
Even if it is pulled away by CERN, it will at least provide the courage to catch up.
As the countdown ended, Friedman slowly pressed the button of the generating device.
The experiment is just beginning!
Everyone's eyes also shifted from Friedman to the console.
Here, the phenomenon and experimental data in the experimental device will be sent back.
The same is true for Chen Zhou. This may be a moment to witness history.
Although this hope, only a faint point.
The current standard model of particle physics has already told people.
The elementary particles in the world can be divided into three categories, that is, quarks, leptons and mesons that transmit interactions.
The interaction between particles is well known, electromagnetic interaction, weak interaction, strong interaction and gravitational interaction.
Although gravity plays a vital role in the macroscopic world.
But in the microscopic world, the gravitational effect is very weak.
According to the electroweak unified theory, the Higgs mechanism of SU(2)XU(1) localized gauge symmetry breaking spontaneously is used in the mediator of the transfer interaction.
The three gauge bosons corresponding to the broken symmetry gain a large mass, and they become intermediate bosons W±, Z that transmit short-range weak interactions.
The bosons corresponding to the remaining symmetries are massless photons, which convey electromagnetic interactions.
Under quantum chromodynamics (QCD), gluons are mediators that transmit strong interactions.
Gluons are like "adhesives" that "glue" quarks together to form mesons and baryons.
At the same time, the gluons themselves can gather together to form the bound state of gluons, that is, glue balls.
To put it bluntly, glue balls do not contain quark components, and are pure gluon "single substances".
Quantum chromodynamics, quantum summation rule and lattice quantum all predict that glue balls, hybrid states and multiquark states must exist.
But whether the glue balls really exist has also become a litmus test for whether the theory is correct.
For glueballs, according to the results of theoretical calculations, the mass range of ground state scalar glueballs is approximately distributed in the range of 1000~1800MeV.
The mass of the tensor and the pseudo-gumball is distributed in the higher mass range.
As a research hotspot, there are simply not too many theoretical articles on the calculation of gumballs.
Moreover, there are so many calculation methods and approaches.
But regardless of the method and approach, as far as the literature and materials Chen Zhou read is concerned.
Most calculations give approximate results.
That is, the quality of the rubber ball should be between 1000 and 1800 MeV.
Moreover, theoretical research shows that with the existing collider technology, people are fully capable of reaching the energy level that glue balls can be produced.
However, due to the detection method, whether the glue ball can really be detected is still difficult.
Chen Zhou felt that this was probably one of the reasons why Friedman was the person in charge of this experiment.
As an experienced and leadership Nobel laureate, Friedman has the ability to improve detection methods.
Chen Zhou's eyes were fixed on the device on the console, not even daring to blink.
He was afraid of missing any crucial information.
It is the kind of detail hidden deep in the data that is most easily overlooked.
Although the time point chosen for this experiment is at 11 o'clock in the morning.
But this experiment started quickly and ended quickly.
It won't stop everyone from going to lunch.
As for the experimental results that everyone cares about, no one is sure to say the answer.
Because from the point of view of the nature of the particles, it is not possible to determine the answer very well.
In other words, the question of "where is the glue ball" has not been resolved.
This is actually the result of everyone's earlier and more guesses.
Because in experiments, unstable composite particles can usually be identified with an accuracy of about 10 MeV/c^2.
However, it is not possible to precisely determine the nature of the particles.
In many experiments, some possible particles are detected.
But they have been considered suspicious in some studies.
It can only be said that, although the evidence is ambiguous, some candidate particle resonance states.
Probably, gumballs.
(End of this chapter)
Although the words came out of Cross's mouth.
Also the interns he himself mentioned were not interns.
But facing Chen Zhou's rhetorical question of repeating this sentence, Cross seemed a little embarrassed.
He couldn't tell Chen Zhou clearly that he was doing odd jobs, right?
Chen Zhou looked at Cross strangely, and called out, "Professor Cross?"
Cross came back to his senses, and explained with a weird expression: "It's... the internship period, you know?"
Chen Zhou nodded and asked, "You mean the interns during the internship period?"
Cross nodded quickly: "Yes, yes, that's what it means!"
Chen Zhou glanced at Cross suspiciously, and said casually, "I didn't expect SLAC to have such a rule, so there are two internship periods?"
"Ahem..." Cross didn't continue the topic, but said, "Let's meet up with Professor Friedman now. The inspection of the experiment has basically been completed."
Upon hearing this, Chen Zhou followed Cross to find Friedman.
Cross' mission is not just to take Chen Zhou for a stroll.
While introducing Chen Zhou to the experimental device, he also learned about the inspection of the device before the experiment.
Now, it's time to report the progress to Friedman.
Chen Zhou and Cross found Friedman in the control room.
Before Cross could speak, Friedman took out something first.
This thing was for Chen Zhou, but Cross was extremely embarrassed and puzzled.
"Chen Zhou, here is your work permit."
Chen Zhou took the work permit from Friedman and glanced at it.
It wasn't the interns that Cross was talking about during the internship period.
Not even an intern.
Directly as an assistant researcher!
As for whose assistant it is, it is self-evident.
However, Chen Zhou simply said "thank you" to Friedman, and didn't grab Cross and say anything about it.
Turning his head, Friedman began to ask about the inspection of the device before the start of the Cross experiment.
Cross answered truthfully.
Friedman nodded slightly: "Then follow the plan and start the experiment on time!"
Cross looked straight: "Okay, Professor Friedman."
The official start time of the experiment was set at eleven o'clock in the morning.
As for why it is near noon, it is said that experiments at this point are more likely to succeed.
Of course, this is a bit metaphysical.
Before the experiment started, Chen Zhou carefully observed everything in the control room.
Whether it is a particle launch button, or a signal collection device for a feedback device.
Chen Zhou watched carefully.
It also corresponds to the impression in my mind one by one.
The so-called electron-positron collider is a device that collides electrons and electrons.
It accelerates various particles, such as protons and electrons, to extremely high energies.
The particles are then bombarded against a stationary target.
By studying the various reactions that occur when high-energy particles collide with particles in the target, the nature of the reactions is studied.
Such as discovering new particles, observing new phenomena, etc.
Speaking of which, in nature, there is also an electron-positron collision mechanism.
In the falling meteorite, it exists.
This is also an example of science discovering nature and nature verifying science.
As for the idea of the birth of the collider, it is based on traffic accidents.
A car involved in a traffic accident hits a parked car on the side of the road.
A large part of the energy of the collision will be consumed to "make the car parked on the roadside rush forward", and the power of the collision is not large enough.
Based on this, if two high-speed cars traveling in opposite directions collide head-on, the power of the collision will be many times greater.
It has to be said that science also comes from life.
Near 11 am, all the staff returned to the control room.
Everyone looked nervously at Friedman who was about to press the launch button.
SLAC has been preparing for this experiment for a long time.
This is also a significant experiment.
If the "glue ball" can be successfully discovered, then SLAC will surely return to the forefront of the particle physics community.
Even if it is pulled away by CERN, it will at least provide the courage to catch up.
As the countdown ended, Friedman slowly pressed the button of the generating device.
The experiment is just beginning!
Everyone's eyes also shifted from Friedman to the console.
Here, the phenomenon and experimental data in the experimental device will be sent back.
The same is true for Chen Zhou. This may be a moment to witness history.
Although this hope, only a faint point.
The current standard model of particle physics has already told people.
The elementary particles in the world can be divided into three categories, that is, quarks, leptons and mesons that transmit interactions.
The interaction between particles is well known, electromagnetic interaction, weak interaction, strong interaction and gravitational interaction.
Although gravity plays a vital role in the macroscopic world.
But in the microscopic world, the gravitational effect is very weak.
According to the electroweak unified theory, the Higgs mechanism of SU(2)XU(1) localized gauge symmetry breaking spontaneously is used in the mediator of the transfer interaction.
The three gauge bosons corresponding to the broken symmetry gain a large mass, and they become intermediate bosons W±, Z that transmit short-range weak interactions.
The bosons corresponding to the remaining symmetries are massless photons, which convey electromagnetic interactions.
Under quantum chromodynamics (QCD), gluons are mediators that transmit strong interactions.
Gluons are like "adhesives" that "glue" quarks together to form mesons and baryons.
At the same time, the gluons themselves can gather together to form the bound state of gluons, that is, glue balls.
To put it bluntly, glue balls do not contain quark components, and are pure gluon "single substances".
Quantum chromodynamics, quantum summation rule and lattice quantum all predict that glue balls, hybrid states and multiquark states must exist.
But whether the glue balls really exist has also become a litmus test for whether the theory is correct.
For glueballs, according to the results of theoretical calculations, the mass range of ground state scalar glueballs is approximately distributed in the range of 1000~1800MeV.
The mass of the tensor and the pseudo-gumball is distributed in the higher mass range.
As a research hotspot, there are simply not too many theoretical articles on the calculation of gumballs.
Moreover, there are so many calculation methods and approaches.
But regardless of the method and approach, as far as the literature and materials Chen Zhou read is concerned.
Most calculations give approximate results.
That is, the quality of the rubber ball should be between 1000 and 1800 MeV.
Moreover, theoretical research shows that with the existing collider technology, people are fully capable of reaching the energy level that glue balls can be produced.
However, due to the detection method, whether the glue ball can really be detected is still difficult.
Chen Zhou felt that this was probably one of the reasons why Friedman was the person in charge of this experiment.
As an experienced and leadership Nobel laureate, Friedman has the ability to improve detection methods.
Chen Zhou's eyes were fixed on the device on the console, not even daring to blink.
He was afraid of missing any crucial information.
It is the kind of detail hidden deep in the data that is most easily overlooked.
Although the time point chosen for this experiment is at 11 o'clock in the morning.
But this experiment started quickly and ended quickly.
It won't stop everyone from going to lunch.
As for the experimental results that everyone cares about, no one is sure to say the answer.
Because from the point of view of the nature of the particles, it is not possible to determine the answer very well.
In other words, the question of "where is the glue ball" has not been resolved.
This is actually the result of everyone's earlier and more guesses.
Because in experiments, unstable composite particles can usually be identified with an accuracy of about 10 MeV/c^2.
However, it is not possible to precisely determine the nature of the particles.
In many experiments, some possible particles are detected.
But they have been considered suspicious in some studies.
It can only be said that, although the evidence is ambiguous, some candidate particle resonance states.
Probably, gumballs.
(End of this chapter)
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