NOVEL NEXT Xueba starts with change
Chapter 482 The Eve of the Experiment
Chapter 482 The Eve of the Experiment
In the dormitory building of SLAC, Chen Zhou is sitting at the desk, habitually pointing to the draft paper with a pen.
Feynman once said, "If in a certain disaster, all scientific knowledge is destroyed, and only one sentence is passed on to the next generation, what word can use the smallest few words and contain the most information? I think it is the atomic hypothesis, That is, all matter is made up of atoms."
Now people have realized that an atom is composed of a nucleus and electrons outside the nucleus.
The nucleus is made up of nucleons, namely protons and neutrons.
Then, is there a more microscopic structure inside the nucleus?
The answer given by modern physics is that nucleons are composed of quarks.
For different quarks, physicists use "flavor" to distinguish them.
As for why "taste" is used instead of other things.
There is a legend that when Gell-Mann was eating ice cream and doing scientific research, he casually used the color and taste of ice cream to mark physical quantities.
At present, physicists have discovered 6 different "flavors" of quarks, namely up quark (u), down quark (d), charm quark (c), strange quark (s), top quark (t) and bottom quark. Quarks (b).
These different "flavors" of quarks also have corresponding antiquarks.
Speaking of which, the existence of up quarks was first proposed in 1964.
Then in 1967, deep inelastic scattering experiments at the SLAC linear accelerator provided the first evidence for the existence of such quarks.
As for the characteristic "flavor" that these quarks have, the sum of them is the flavor of hadrons.
The self-selected parity of hadron is determined by the spin of quarks and the orbital angular momentum between them.
For meson, according to different "taste", it can be divided into two categories.
One class is the taste-neutral meson, which refers to the same positive and negative quarks.
Mesons, like up and down quarks, are considered the same "flavor".
The other category refers to mesons with "flavors" of charm quarks, strange quarks, top quarks, and bottom quarks, that is, mesons that have different "flavors" of positive and negative quarks.
For this kind of meson with "taste", it can be named according to the difference of "taste".
As for the name of the taste-neutral meson, it is not only based on the "taste" of the meson, but also distinguishes whether the total spin of the quark pair is 0 or 1, and whether the orbital angular momentum is odd or even.
For example, a baryon contains three quarks, which only need to be distinguished according to different "flavor" quantum numbers.
Highly excited hadrons are indicated by adding "*" to the corresponding hadron name, and their masses are marked in brackets thereafter.
However, strong interactions allow new forms of matter to exist.
The glue ball made of pure gluons that Chen Zhou is chasing with all his strength, but failed to see the whole picture, is this new form of matter, also called the strange hadron state.
In addition to glue balls, there are hybrid states composed of quarks and gluons, and multi-quark states composed of more than three quarks, etc., which also belong to this strange hadron state.
Finding and studying these new forms of matter will provide important information for the formation of hadrons from quarks and gluons.
If the strange hadron state does not exist, it will mean that the basic theory of the strong interaction needs a major change.
The force of the strong interaction exists between quarks.
This is the strongest interaction force known to man in nature.
The strong interaction is transmitted through the gluon field, similar to the electromagnetic force transmitted between charges through the electromagnetic field.
A proton contains three quarks, and these three quarks form a bound state through the strong interaction transmitted by gluons.
Moreover, the mass of the three quarks that make up the proton accounts for less than 3% of the mass of the proton, and most of the mass comes from the gluons participating in the strong interaction.
Therefore, it is of great significance to study the glue balls composed of pure gluons.
Thinking of this, the pen in Chen Zhou's hand suddenly paused, and then he put it on the draft paper.
Immediately, Chen Zhou opened the computer's browser and began to search for content related to strong interaction.
This is the last problem that Chen Zhou has encountered in the theoretical research of the strange quantum number glue ball.
He needs a reasonable and sufficient explanation of a difficult problem in the strong interaction to finally reach that, which may be the commanding heights of the content of the strange quantum number glue ball theory.
Waiting for the interval between browser page jumps, Chen Zhou glanced at the date and time in the lower right corner of the computer screen.
Today is March 3th, and it has been another 7 days since Cross finished sorting out all the documents last time.
There are still 24 days left until SLAC closes the collider laboratory.
Originally, he felt that there was plenty of time, and Chen Zhou, who had the two days when Cross exceeded expectations as a base, now felt that time was tight.
Not because of anything else, but because of the last problem he encountered now.
Originally, Chen Zhou thought that in his previous research, he had already solved the problem of the detection method of the glue ball experiment.
Unexpectedly, with the deepening of the research on the strange quantum number glue ball, the original innovative detection method of the glue ball experiment ran into the wrong problem set again when conducting paper-based experimental research.
When he saw this part of the content, Chen Zhou was stunned.
This was a surprise he had never expected.
And this accident cannot be said to be small.
If they can't solve it, all their previous efforts will be in vain.
The final experimental plan that Friedman, Cross and others have been waiting for will come to an end over time.
This is something that Chen Zhou cannot allow.
No matter what the final experimental results are, before the experiment is carried out, the path of theoretical research must not be stopped by him.
Otherwise, his heart will be condemned.
Therefore, after discovering this problem, Chen Zhou didn't stop for a moment, only thinking about how to solve this problem quickly.
But sometimes this is the case. The more you want to solve a thing, the harder it is to solve it.
The difficulty also increases exponentially.
"The strong interaction is contrary to our intuition. Unlike gravitation and electromagnetic force, which are inversely proportional to the distance, for the strong interaction, the closer the distance is, the weaker it is, and the farther the distance is, the stronger the force is..."
Looking at the documents he found, Chen Zhou fell into deep thought again.
The meaning of this sentence, in simple terms, is that when you try to separate the quarks in the proton, the farther the separation is, the stronger the force is required.
And this force is strong enough to create a new pair of quarks in the vacuum without separating the original quarks.
Like a magnet, when you break a magnet, instead of getting two magnetic monopoles, you create two new magnets.
This property of strong interaction is called "color confinement".
Chen Zhou was trapped by this "sexual confinement".
Shaking his head slightly, Chen Zhou shook his complicated thoughts out of his head.
Reach for the set of wrong questions set aside, and turn to the content section of the glue ball experiment detection method.
While looking at it, I sorted it out on the draft paper.
He tried to find something different from it, hoping to open a breakthrough from the content itself.
Speaking of which, the problem Chen Zhou is facing now is about the theory of elementary particles.
In essence, the theory of elementary particles is still a developing theory.
It is not satisfactory in many respects.
In the theory of elementary particles, there are two theoretical issues with philosophical significance that have yet to be clarified.
One of them, is the issue of hierarchy.
The other is the problem of interaction unification.
"Color confinement" belongs to the problem of interaction unity.
At the atomic level of the structure of matter, the electrons in an atom can be separated from the nucleus.
At the nuclear level, the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus can also be separated from the nucleus.
But after entering the "elementary particle" level, the situation has changed.
This change is called "color confinement".
This is a question that has yet to find a clear answer theoretically.
Although physicists have given many theoretical models for this, the differences between the models are very large, and it is difficult to verify and judge by experiments which model is correct.
Chen Zhou originally thought that he had avoided this problem that had plagued the physics community for decades, and could go straight to Huanglong and dig out the glue ball that had been hidden for a long time.
Unexpectedly, on the eve of the experiment, he was still trapped here.
"Quarks are transferring and exchanging gluons, and at the same time, gluons are also emitting and absorbing gluons, which is equivalent to the process of gluons passing between quarks, and multiple gluons are 'strongly pulling' each other ..."
Time passed slowly, and the draft paper on Chen Zhou's desk became more and more written.
However, the point to solve the problem has never been found.
It was already dark outside and it was 7pm.
Chen Zhou's eyes were fixed on the draft paper and the set of wrong questions, but he didn't look at the content on it, and his eyes didn't focus.
He slowly put down the pen in his hand, and murmured: "The collection of wrong questions is getting thicker and thicker, and I can't find a way to solve it at all..."
At this time, there was a knock on the door of the dormitory.
Chen Zhou got up and went to open the door.
You don't need to know that there will be a knock on the door, and it must be Cross.
During this period, Cross knocked on the door at this time basically every day, and then called Chen Zhou, and drove out to eat together.
Because of this point, SLAC's cafeteria has long been out of food.
Chen Zhou also asked Cross why he didn't come earlier and ask him to have dinner with him.
Who knows, Cross explained with a smile: "It's not because the food in SLAC's cafeteria is too bad. As long as we get through the meal in the cafeteria, Professor Friedman will allow us to go out to eat, and we can also make up for it." Consuming a huge body..."
After the door of the dormitory was opened, as Chen Zhou expected, it was Cross standing at the door.
Cross smiled at Chen Zhou, and greeted, "Let's go out to eat, enjoy the wind, and see the sea view."
Chen Zhou hesitated for a moment, then nodded: "Okay, wait for me."
With that said, Chen Zhou turned around and walked into the room, picked up his backpack, and stuffed the set of wrong questions into it.
This was the first time in so many days that Chen Zhou went out to eat with a backpack.
Coupled with Chen Zhou's obvious hesitation before.
Although Cross was puzzled, he didn't ask much.
After all, judging from the research progress during this period, it was quite smooth.
What Chen Zhou encountered should be something other than the subject of the glue ball experiment.
So Cross put away his curiosity.
After the door was closed, the two walked out of the dormitory building one after the other.
Cross asked casually: "Chen Zhou, the theoretical research on the strange quantum number rubber balls can be completed in about two days, right?"
Chen Zhou nodded subconsciously, but immediately realized something was wrong.
He thought for a while, and said, "If it goes well, it will take about two days, or maybe..."
However, before Chen Zhou finished speaking, he heard Cross say: "Let me just say, at your speed, you can finish the entire theoretical research in two days at most. Professor Friedman also said, It may have been more than two days, and I was arguing with him..."
Chen Zhou listened silently without speaking.
After a while, Cross realized that Chen Zhou seemed to have not finished speaking, so he asked, "Did you not finish talking just now? You said it is possible, and it is possible?"
Chen Zhou looked up at Cross, and said in a deep voice, "It may be more than two days."
The happy expression on Cross's face froze instantly, and he asked in disbelief, "More than... more than two days?"
Chen Zhou nodded: "Now we have encountered a difficult problem that must be solved. If we can't solve it, we may not be able to catch up with the final experimental plan..."
What Chen Zhou said was completely unexpected to Cross.
He immediately panicked.
Could it be that all the hard work, the painstaking efforts of this period of time, are all in vain?
If you can't catch up, what about the final experiment plan?
What about Professor Friedman?
Thinking of Professor Friedman, Cross immediately asked: "Then this situation..."
Before Cross finished speaking, Chen Zhou said: "I have already reported this situation to Professor Friedman, and we are adjusting the final experimental plan."
After a pause, Chen Zhou said again: "The deadline is the last three days, the last three days, if we can solve this problem, then we will have time, if not, then we will choose the best existing experimental plan."
As soon as Chen Zhou finished speaking, Cross became like an eggplant beaten by frost, completely wilted.
Seeing this, Chen Zhou didn't know what to say.
It was originally a good development trend, but who would have expected such a big problem to pop up suddenly.
The two came to the parking lot and walked to the car.
Cross suddenly asked, "What kind of problem did you encounter?"
Chen Zhou replied: "'Secret confinement'."
Hearing these three words, Cross's expression darkened again.
This is an unresolved problem in the development of elementary particle theory.
The source and mechanism of "color confinement" are one of the most important basic issues in today's physics research.
"Ah..." Sighing lightly, Cross said rather unwillingly, "I didn't expect to encounter such a problem on the eve of the experiment. It seems that God wants us to leave regrets..."
Whether God wanted them to regret it, Chen Zhou didn't know.
Chen Zhou only knew that in the last three days, he would only go all out and not leave any regrets for himself.
After dinner, Chen Zhou thought for a while, and then said, "Professor Cross, let's go to the beach and have a blast..."
Cross glanced at Chen Zhou and nodded slightly.
The car turned around and headed towards the beach in the bay area.
Thanks to book friend Yan Hongxue for the 100 starting coins!
Thanks to the book friend Chunfeng Dongyang for the 100 starting coins!
(End of this chapter)
In the dormitory building of SLAC, Chen Zhou is sitting at the desk, habitually pointing to the draft paper with a pen.
Feynman once said, "If in a certain disaster, all scientific knowledge is destroyed, and only one sentence is passed on to the next generation, what word can use the smallest few words and contain the most information? I think it is the atomic hypothesis, That is, all matter is made up of atoms."
Now people have realized that an atom is composed of a nucleus and electrons outside the nucleus.
The nucleus is made up of nucleons, namely protons and neutrons.
Then, is there a more microscopic structure inside the nucleus?
The answer given by modern physics is that nucleons are composed of quarks.
For different quarks, physicists use "flavor" to distinguish them.
As for why "taste" is used instead of other things.
There is a legend that when Gell-Mann was eating ice cream and doing scientific research, he casually used the color and taste of ice cream to mark physical quantities.
At present, physicists have discovered 6 different "flavors" of quarks, namely up quark (u), down quark (d), charm quark (c), strange quark (s), top quark (t) and bottom quark. Quarks (b).
These different "flavors" of quarks also have corresponding antiquarks.
Speaking of which, the existence of up quarks was first proposed in 1964.
Then in 1967, deep inelastic scattering experiments at the SLAC linear accelerator provided the first evidence for the existence of such quarks.
As for the characteristic "flavor" that these quarks have, the sum of them is the flavor of hadrons.
The self-selected parity of hadron is determined by the spin of quarks and the orbital angular momentum between them.
For meson, according to different "taste", it can be divided into two categories.
One class is the taste-neutral meson, which refers to the same positive and negative quarks.
Mesons, like up and down quarks, are considered the same "flavor".
The other category refers to mesons with "flavors" of charm quarks, strange quarks, top quarks, and bottom quarks, that is, mesons that have different "flavors" of positive and negative quarks.
For this kind of meson with "taste", it can be named according to the difference of "taste".
As for the name of the taste-neutral meson, it is not only based on the "taste" of the meson, but also distinguishes whether the total spin of the quark pair is 0 or 1, and whether the orbital angular momentum is odd or even.
For example, a baryon contains three quarks, which only need to be distinguished according to different "flavor" quantum numbers.
Highly excited hadrons are indicated by adding "*" to the corresponding hadron name, and their masses are marked in brackets thereafter.
However, strong interactions allow new forms of matter to exist.
The glue ball made of pure gluons that Chen Zhou is chasing with all his strength, but failed to see the whole picture, is this new form of matter, also called the strange hadron state.
In addition to glue balls, there are hybrid states composed of quarks and gluons, and multi-quark states composed of more than three quarks, etc., which also belong to this strange hadron state.
Finding and studying these new forms of matter will provide important information for the formation of hadrons from quarks and gluons.
If the strange hadron state does not exist, it will mean that the basic theory of the strong interaction needs a major change.
The force of the strong interaction exists between quarks.
This is the strongest interaction force known to man in nature.
The strong interaction is transmitted through the gluon field, similar to the electromagnetic force transmitted between charges through the electromagnetic field.
A proton contains three quarks, and these three quarks form a bound state through the strong interaction transmitted by gluons.
Moreover, the mass of the three quarks that make up the proton accounts for less than 3% of the mass of the proton, and most of the mass comes from the gluons participating in the strong interaction.
Therefore, it is of great significance to study the glue balls composed of pure gluons.
Thinking of this, the pen in Chen Zhou's hand suddenly paused, and then he put it on the draft paper.
Immediately, Chen Zhou opened the computer's browser and began to search for content related to strong interaction.
This is the last problem that Chen Zhou has encountered in the theoretical research of the strange quantum number glue ball.
He needs a reasonable and sufficient explanation of a difficult problem in the strong interaction to finally reach that, which may be the commanding heights of the content of the strange quantum number glue ball theory.
Waiting for the interval between browser page jumps, Chen Zhou glanced at the date and time in the lower right corner of the computer screen.
Today is March 3th, and it has been another 7 days since Cross finished sorting out all the documents last time.
There are still 24 days left until SLAC closes the collider laboratory.
Originally, he felt that there was plenty of time, and Chen Zhou, who had the two days when Cross exceeded expectations as a base, now felt that time was tight.
Not because of anything else, but because of the last problem he encountered now.
Originally, Chen Zhou thought that in his previous research, he had already solved the problem of the detection method of the glue ball experiment.
Unexpectedly, with the deepening of the research on the strange quantum number glue ball, the original innovative detection method of the glue ball experiment ran into the wrong problem set again when conducting paper-based experimental research.
When he saw this part of the content, Chen Zhou was stunned.
This was a surprise he had never expected.
And this accident cannot be said to be small.
If they can't solve it, all their previous efforts will be in vain.
The final experimental plan that Friedman, Cross and others have been waiting for will come to an end over time.
This is something that Chen Zhou cannot allow.
No matter what the final experimental results are, before the experiment is carried out, the path of theoretical research must not be stopped by him.
Otherwise, his heart will be condemned.
Therefore, after discovering this problem, Chen Zhou didn't stop for a moment, only thinking about how to solve this problem quickly.
But sometimes this is the case. The more you want to solve a thing, the harder it is to solve it.
The difficulty also increases exponentially.
"The strong interaction is contrary to our intuition. Unlike gravitation and electromagnetic force, which are inversely proportional to the distance, for the strong interaction, the closer the distance is, the weaker it is, and the farther the distance is, the stronger the force is..."
Looking at the documents he found, Chen Zhou fell into deep thought again.
The meaning of this sentence, in simple terms, is that when you try to separate the quarks in the proton, the farther the separation is, the stronger the force is required.
And this force is strong enough to create a new pair of quarks in the vacuum without separating the original quarks.
Like a magnet, when you break a magnet, instead of getting two magnetic monopoles, you create two new magnets.
This property of strong interaction is called "color confinement".
Chen Zhou was trapped by this "sexual confinement".
Shaking his head slightly, Chen Zhou shook his complicated thoughts out of his head.
Reach for the set of wrong questions set aside, and turn to the content section of the glue ball experiment detection method.
While looking at it, I sorted it out on the draft paper.
He tried to find something different from it, hoping to open a breakthrough from the content itself.
Speaking of which, the problem Chen Zhou is facing now is about the theory of elementary particles.
In essence, the theory of elementary particles is still a developing theory.
It is not satisfactory in many respects.
In the theory of elementary particles, there are two theoretical issues with philosophical significance that have yet to be clarified.
One of them, is the issue of hierarchy.
The other is the problem of interaction unification.
"Color confinement" belongs to the problem of interaction unity.
At the atomic level of the structure of matter, the electrons in an atom can be separated from the nucleus.
At the nuclear level, the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus can also be separated from the nucleus.
But after entering the "elementary particle" level, the situation has changed.
This change is called "color confinement".
This is a question that has yet to find a clear answer theoretically.
Although physicists have given many theoretical models for this, the differences between the models are very large, and it is difficult to verify and judge by experiments which model is correct.
Chen Zhou originally thought that he had avoided this problem that had plagued the physics community for decades, and could go straight to Huanglong and dig out the glue ball that had been hidden for a long time.
Unexpectedly, on the eve of the experiment, he was still trapped here.
"Quarks are transferring and exchanging gluons, and at the same time, gluons are also emitting and absorbing gluons, which is equivalent to the process of gluons passing between quarks, and multiple gluons are 'strongly pulling' each other ..."
Time passed slowly, and the draft paper on Chen Zhou's desk became more and more written.
However, the point to solve the problem has never been found.
It was already dark outside and it was 7pm.
Chen Zhou's eyes were fixed on the draft paper and the set of wrong questions, but he didn't look at the content on it, and his eyes didn't focus.
He slowly put down the pen in his hand, and murmured: "The collection of wrong questions is getting thicker and thicker, and I can't find a way to solve it at all..."
At this time, there was a knock on the door of the dormitory.
Chen Zhou got up and went to open the door.
You don't need to know that there will be a knock on the door, and it must be Cross.
During this period, Cross knocked on the door at this time basically every day, and then called Chen Zhou, and drove out to eat together.
Because of this point, SLAC's cafeteria has long been out of food.
Chen Zhou also asked Cross why he didn't come earlier and ask him to have dinner with him.
Who knows, Cross explained with a smile: "It's not because the food in SLAC's cafeteria is too bad. As long as we get through the meal in the cafeteria, Professor Friedman will allow us to go out to eat, and we can also make up for it." Consuming a huge body..."
After the door of the dormitory was opened, as Chen Zhou expected, it was Cross standing at the door.
Cross smiled at Chen Zhou, and greeted, "Let's go out to eat, enjoy the wind, and see the sea view."
Chen Zhou hesitated for a moment, then nodded: "Okay, wait for me."
With that said, Chen Zhou turned around and walked into the room, picked up his backpack, and stuffed the set of wrong questions into it.
This was the first time in so many days that Chen Zhou went out to eat with a backpack.
Coupled with Chen Zhou's obvious hesitation before.
Although Cross was puzzled, he didn't ask much.
After all, judging from the research progress during this period, it was quite smooth.
What Chen Zhou encountered should be something other than the subject of the glue ball experiment.
So Cross put away his curiosity.
After the door was closed, the two walked out of the dormitory building one after the other.
Cross asked casually: "Chen Zhou, the theoretical research on the strange quantum number rubber balls can be completed in about two days, right?"
Chen Zhou nodded subconsciously, but immediately realized something was wrong.
He thought for a while, and said, "If it goes well, it will take about two days, or maybe..."
However, before Chen Zhou finished speaking, he heard Cross say: "Let me just say, at your speed, you can finish the entire theoretical research in two days at most. Professor Friedman also said, It may have been more than two days, and I was arguing with him..."
Chen Zhou listened silently without speaking.
After a while, Cross realized that Chen Zhou seemed to have not finished speaking, so he asked, "Did you not finish talking just now? You said it is possible, and it is possible?"
Chen Zhou looked up at Cross, and said in a deep voice, "It may be more than two days."
The happy expression on Cross's face froze instantly, and he asked in disbelief, "More than... more than two days?"
Chen Zhou nodded: "Now we have encountered a difficult problem that must be solved. If we can't solve it, we may not be able to catch up with the final experimental plan..."
What Chen Zhou said was completely unexpected to Cross.
He immediately panicked.
Could it be that all the hard work, the painstaking efforts of this period of time, are all in vain?
If you can't catch up, what about the final experiment plan?
What about Professor Friedman?
Thinking of Professor Friedman, Cross immediately asked: "Then this situation..."
Before Cross finished speaking, Chen Zhou said: "I have already reported this situation to Professor Friedman, and we are adjusting the final experimental plan."
After a pause, Chen Zhou said again: "The deadline is the last three days, the last three days, if we can solve this problem, then we will have time, if not, then we will choose the best existing experimental plan."
As soon as Chen Zhou finished speaking, Cross became like an eggplant beaten by frost, completely wilted.
Seeing this, Chen Zhou didn't know what to say.
It was originally a good development trend, but who would have expected such a big problem to pop up suddenly.
The two came to the parking lot and walked to the car.
Cross suddenly asked, "What kind of problem did you encounter?"
Chen Zhou replied: "'Secret confinement'."
Hearing these three words, Cross's expression darkened again.
This is an unresolved problem in the development of elementary particle theory.
The source and mechanism of "color confinement" are one of the most important basic issues in today's physics research.
"Ah..." Sighing lightly, Cross said rather unwillingly, "I didn't expect to encounter such a problem on the eve of the experiment. It seems that God wants us to leave regrets..."
Whether God wanted them to regret it, Chen Zhou didn't know.
Chen Zhou only knew that in the last three days, he would only go all out and not leave any regrets for himself.
After dinner, Chen Zhou thought for a while, and then said, "Professor Cross, let's go to the beach and have a blast..."
Cross glanced at Chen Zhou and nodded slightly.
The car turned around and headed towards the beach in the bay area.
Thanks to book friend Yan Hongxue for the 100 starting coins!
Thanks to the book friend Chunfeng Dongyang for the 100 starting coins!
(End of this chapter)
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